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Hindu Society- An Interpretation

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Item Code: NAM069
Author: Irawati Karve
Publisher: Deccan Collage, Pune
Language: English
Edition: 1961
Pages: 184
Cover: Paperback
Other Details 8.5 inch x 5.5 inch
Weight 240 gm
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Book Description
Preface

This book is the result of my deliberations on the data collected by me in the course of my field work in different parts of India during the last twenty years and of my perusal of the literature in Sanskrit, Prakrit and the modern Indian languages. Four articles entitled “What is Caste” published in the Economic Weekly of Bombay during 1958-59 presented some of my ideas in a very condensed form. They were further elaborated in a series of lectures which I gave before the South Asia Colloquium of the University of California at Berkeley in 1959-60. I am deeply indebted to many colleagues in India and the U. S. A., too numerous to be mentioned by name, for their criticism, suggestions and encouragement after reading the first draft. I must however mention the name of one who I was sure would have read this book and offered helpful comments as he did after he read my book on Kinship ––I mean the late Professor Clyde Kluckhohn.

 

Introduction

In this book Dr. IRAWATI KARVE sums up her lifetime work of investigating the structure and history of Indian society and in so doing she presents a series of important theories and conclusions which all person interested in that subject need to consider with great attention. Her thoughts are based upon two main sources of information––extensive field research in many parts of India, but especially in her home land Maharashtra, and a study of pertinent material in Sanskrit and allied literature from the time of the Rig Veda. Associated with this has been copious reading in other scholars’ work and weighing of others’ social theories. Few investigators have had such excellent equipment for this kind of study and can present material which is so informative and suggestive.

Most of her attention is naturally given to the caste system. She opens with a chapter on the variety of behavioural patterns in Indian society, a phenomenon which is so extreme that it would be hard to explain by the traditional Hindu teaching that the proliferation of castes is the result of fission, sub-fission, sub- sub-fission, and so on, of a limited number of “original” castes––four or five––differentiated by occupation or function. That improbable view is rendered untenable on the basis of a number of considerations including her own study of blood types and other physical characteristics. From such studies and other considerations she finds it possible to define scientifically, rather than impressionistically, a typical caste (jati) as an extended family, a kinship entity, hence endogamous, normally with a hereditary occupation. The inclusion of the caste system within the framework of the Vedic Aryan four-class (varna) society, which later became five-class, is an artificiality, as of course many other anthropologists hold, a Brahmanic rationalization unsupported by historical data or modern field research.

At this point Dr. KARVE argues for a pre-Aryan existence of the caste system or something like it. Others, especially students of the history of religion, have argued to this same end in the past, but Dr. KARVE bases her opinion on facts of caste distribution and differentiation, tribal practices, the ways in which non- Aryan tribes become castes in Aryan society, and the general non-Aryan, that is non-Vedic, character of medieval and modern Indian thought, religious dogma, and social institutions. She gives little weight to the Aryan Brahmanical emphasis upon religious ritual, and the incentive to preserve it, as an element in the formation of the system as a whole. Her theory is at present largely a hypothesis but it has the advantage of explaining some features of the caste system so far not otherwise explained, and as our knowledge extends, as of the Harappa culture, we may hope for more definite evidence pro or con than is now available.

The occupational aspect of caste, so much stressed in Sanskrit tradition, she associates with the Rigvedic notion of vrata as one’s personal function and with the latter the notions of duty, that is, of one’s karma (action) as one’s dharma (duty), which is so well developed in the Bhagaved Gita. With this she connects she magical satyakriya (Truth Act) known in the Rigveda, Brahmanic, Buddhist, and Jain literature and even in more recent tales recorded in Tamil or other modern languages.

In speaking of the mechanisms by which caste has continued and flourished in India throughout three and possibly more millennia, Dr. KARVE comments on the rivalry between Brahman and Kshatriya for first place in the orders of society, and says that “the varna system, which appears so inflexible, itself is surprisingly flexible, because while the words denoting the five orders remained the same, the castes included in them changed.” In short, the Brahmanic notion of inflexibility is unreliable. She also comments on cohesion among castes belonging to the same varna but again on factionalism among castes within a single varna.

Finally, Dr. KARVE presents her views on certain social problems which are current issues in modern India. These are associated with language, reform of the Hindu legal code dealing with women’s position, the inviolability of the cow, communalism, prohibition, the emergence of new types of caste loyalty, preferential caste statues in law, rights of Untouchables, movement of the population from villages to market towns and cities, the character of the newly established Panchayats, the ideals of democracy and freedom. As an anthropologist of great experience and thoughtfulness she deserves close attention when she speaks about such matters.

The remarks above may, I hope, give some idea of the range of Dr. KARVE’s book and suggest its importance to students of both modern and ancient India as providing a constructive view of Indian society. It deserves wide reading.

 

Contents

 

1. Preface iii
2. Introduction by Professor W. Norman Brown v
3. Chapter I.  
  I. The Variety of Behavioural Patterns 1
  Food 1
  Vessels 4
  Garments 4
  Family organization 5
  Folk tales and folk songs 5
  Gods 5
  Social behaviour 8
  Basis of variety 8
  Individual freedom 9
  Jati 9
  Jati and Varna 11
  Kumbhar caste-cluster 12
  Old theory of caste 12
  Professor Ghurye's theories 13
  II. Nature of the Group Caste 15
  Characteristics of a caste 15
  Endogamy 16
  Spread of a caste 17
  Typical caste-clusters 19
  Maratha-Kunbi 19
  Brahmins 22
  Kumbhar 26
  Mahar 28
  Caste and sub-caste 28
  Hereditary occupations 29
  Names of castes 29
  Cell-like structure of caste society 31
  Economic relations between castes 32
  Habitation areas of castes 33
  Inter-caste intercourse 33
  Village festivals 35
  Caste councils 36
  Typical Maharashtra village 37
  Caste and occupation 39
  Status 40
  The Four rank system 41
  Manu on jatis 42
  Kshatriyahood of Shivaji 43
  Attempts by castes to reach higher status 45
  Ranking in a small area 48
4. Chapter II.  
  Caste - A Historical Survey 50
  Caste in ancient literature 50
  Varna 51
  Manu's theory of castes 53
  Assimilation of jatis into the varna system 57
  Comparison of jatis with tribes 59
  Caste and race 60
  Gurjara tribe 63
  Clan names of Marathas 64
  Savaras in Orissa and Andhra 65
  Migration of tribes in Africa 65
  Analogy of a patch-work quilt 66
  Appendix to Chapter II.  
  Vasudevahindi 70
  Panchatantra 71
  Mudrarakshasa 72
  Kayasthas 73
  Dhammapada Attha Katha 74
  Story of Vidudabha 74
  King Udayana 76
  King Rajaram 76
  Shindya and Nimbalkar Jadhav 77
5. Chapter III.  
  Indian Philosophy and Caste 78
  Which god shall we worship? 79
  Rebirth 81
  Brahman 81
  Karma theory 84
  Vedanta philosophy 85
  Relativity of the phenomenal world 88
  Karma 91
  Bhoga yoni and karma yoni 92
  Dharma 93
  Vraba 94
  Act of truth 96
  Good and bad actions 97
  Shruti, smrti and vrddhachara 99
  The three debts 100
6. Chapter IV.  
  Some Mechanisms of the Caste Society 102
  Edurance of the caste system 102
  Caste and village 106
  Elasticity of the caste society 109
  Agglomeration of new units 110
  Urge for higher status 111
  Caste groupings 112
  Market towns 113
  Separateness and togetherness 115
  Communication 117
  Relaxation of caste taboos 120
  Caste and village solidarity 121
  Reaction to foreign aggression 125
  Effect of conversion of Hindus 126
  Tolerance and indifference 128
  Summary 129
7. Chapter V.  
  The Present and the Future 131
  The language problem 132
  Common civil code 143
  Hindu Marriage Act 147
  Position of concubines 150
  Cow protection 151
  Group rivalries 152
  Smrti (memory) 155
  Scheduled castes and tribes 156
  Organizations supposed to unite castes 159
  Mahars 160
  Vinobaji Bhave's proposals 163
  Village panchayats 164
  Nomadic groups 166
  Appendix to Chapter V.  
  Cases of bigamous marriages 168

 

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