Foreword
The Kautilya-Arthasastra, of which Mr. Shamasastry gives us here his translation, is a work of exceptional interest and value. In the first place, it ascribes itself in unmistakable terms to the famous Brahman Kautilya, also named Visnugupta and known from other sources by the patronymic Canakya who tradition tells us, overthrew the last king of the Nanda dynasty, and placed the great Maurya Candragupta on the throne: thus, the two verses with which the work ends recite that it was written by Visnugupta, who from intolerance of misrule rescued the scriptures, the science of weapons, and the earth which had passed to Nanda king and that he wrote it because he had seen many discrepancies on the part of previous commentators; and, in conformity with a common practice of Indian writers the name Kautilya figures constantly through the book, especially in places where the author lays down his own views as differing from others which he cites. The work accordingly claims to date from the period 321-296 B.C.: and its archaic style if well in agreement with the claim. Secondly, as regard it nature and value, Kautilya is renowned, not only as a kingmaker, but also for being the greatest Indian exponent of the art of government, the duties of kings, ministers, and officials, and the methods of diplomacy. That a work dealing with such matters was written by him is testified to by various more or less early Indian writers, who have given quotations from it. But the work itself remained hidden from modern eyes until it was found in the text of which this is the translation. The topic of this text is precisely that which has been indicated above, in all its branches, internal and foreign, civil, military, commercial, fiscal, judicial and so on including even tables of weights, measures of length and divisions of time. And it seems to be agreed to by competent judges that, though the existing text is, perhaps, not absolutely word for word that which was written by Kautilya, still we have essentially a work that he did compose in the period stated above. The value of it is unmistakable: it not only endorses and extends much of what we learn in some of its lines from the Greek writer Megasthenes, who, as is well known, spent a long time in India as the representative of the Syrian king, Seleucus I, at the Court of Candragupta, but also fills out what we gather from the epics, from other early writings, and from the inscriptions, and explains statements and allusions in those last-mentioned sources of information which are otherwise obscure: in short, it throws quite a flood of light on many problems in the branch of Indian studies to which it belongs.
For our introduction to this work we are greatly indebted to Mr. Shamasastry. A manuscript of the text, and with it one of commentary on a small part of it by a writer named Bhattasvamin, was handed over by a Pandit of the Tanjore District to the Mysore Government Oriental Library. From these materials Mr. Shamasastry, who was then the Librarian of that Library, gave a tentative translation in the pages of the Indian Antiquary and elsewhere, in 1905 and following years. By the enlightened encouragement of the Mysore Durbar he was enabled to publish the text itself in 1909, as Vol. 37 of the Biblothecea Sanskrit of Mysore. And under the same appreciative patronage he now lays before us a translation which has been improved in various details, in addition to being brought together in a connected and convenient from. His task has been no easy one. For the formation of his text, as for this translation of it, he has had only the one manuscript and the partial commentary which have been mentioned above: and the text is by no means a simple one; it is laconic and difficult to a degree. In these circumstances, it could hardly be the case that anyone should be able to give us a final treatment of the work straightaway. It seems that, as a result of the attention which Mr. Shamasastry’s labours attracted at once, two or three other manuscripts of the work have now been traced. So it may be hoped that eventually another step may be made, by giving us a revised text, based on a collation of materials, which will remove certain obscurities that still exist. Meanwhile, it is impossible to speak in too high terms of the service rendered by Mr. Shamasastry, in the first place by practically discovering the work, and then by laying the contents of it before us so satisfactorily, in spite of the difficulties confronting him, which can only be appreciated by anyone who tries to understand the text without the help of his translation. We are, and shall always remain, under a great obligation to him for a most important addition to our means of studying the general history of ancient India.
Kautiliyasastra or Canakyaniti is analoguous or parri-passu to Mechaevellian1 treatise on political theology by which he had laid-down the firm foundation of a 'ruler's philosophy,' still in vogue in India of modern times.
The ruler dominant theology was established and propagated in India by a rebel Brahmin Visnugupta who had uprooted the mighty Nanda dynasty in erstwhile Magadha country (modern Bihar state) in 372 B.C. to establish the Maurya dynasty. The so appointed Emperor Candragupta Maurya, ruled with an iron hand for a full 24 year tenure is still remembered as an outstanding figure in Indian history.
Manipulative Politics: Both the names Kautilya and Canakya are euphemisms that stand for 'manipulative politics' today. Kautilya was a highly learned Brahmin and an Acarya, one of the highest in the echelons of Vedic scholars. It is evident that Kautilya was a pastmaster in 'reflective politics', an expert interpreter of ancient scriptures and a technocrat to warfare theology. His establishing of the Maurya empire is also a high point in the development of male-dominated human history in India.
Needless to emphasise here that the treatise Arthasastra traces the saga of politics to the very beginning of human civilisation and equally the development of human habitation system - the mobility from stone age to barbaric days and from iron age to habitation organisations. The iron age led to age of implements and thereafter entered an era of social institutions-the Hindu Krtayuga, the Tretayuga and the Dvaparayuga.
Canakya in composing his Sastram was not unaware of the developments in Indian social systems-the caste divides, the travails of the depressed classes and the cruel and senseless but necessary domination of the deprived classes by the rather vulnerable upper classes. Perhaps Canakya had sensed in depth, the decline of civilised society in India in the person of sword-wielding Nanda, son of powerful emperor Mahananda through a Sudra woman (of lowest caste), and acted smartly to uproot the powerful dynasty and re-establish the influence of upper castes through a proxy but powerful and intellectual emperor Candragupta Maurya. The implications are hidden in the folds of antiquities of castes.
The Kautiliya Arthasastra unfolds in detail, the status of kings, the responsibility of attendants, the significance of spies, the matters of yoga, administration, justice, alms giving and political behavior with friends and enemies, the appointment of learned pundits and the control of state's economy, defence and increase of borders.
Although the Kings' role in Kautilya's Arthasastra stresses on centrally strong empire-based theology, on the face of it; it is limited to king's authority on 'state criminals.' For the rest, the king is dependant on popular will and bound to fashion his rule accordingly!
There is a fundamental discrepancy in Arthasastra - the foundation of an empire for the good of the populace.
Kautilya manoeuvred the overthrow of Nanda dynasty to begin the Mauryan empire on a philosophy cum an anathema. In fact, the king theoretically ruled with iron hand to brook no rival king, but the bottom line of the philosophy was all set for the well-being of the common man. Philosophy of that excel type, gave us a king in the iron grip of the populace's overriding passions. The impact of this ruling philosophy is clearly visible in modern India with a mass base of poor but docile population in submission to a handful of ruling families.
Kautilya diktat is unmistakable - the king's first duty is towards the subject. In this, his kingship vanishes! The subject is all. The king is reduced to-the role of 'manager' who arranges for the comfort of the population and take care of the means and men who would so assist him (Arthasastra p. 62-63). The excellent qualities vested with a king are rare to find in a single person. These have been described as - noble birth, high intelligence, prowess, divinity, truthfulness, scholarship, gratefulness, idealism, enthusiasm, officiousness, prudence, polity, prosperity, resolution and inquisitiveness. (Arthasastra p. 18). Besides, he must have a passion to hear discussions on Sastras, capacity to absorb their essence, able to put them into practice and apt to dive and grip the quint-essence in rational manner.
Simultaneous to his enthusiam a fine blend of gallantry, acumen, intransigence, and expertise, should rest in him in order to understand high ideals of the populace and set in them this own sublimity in application and attitude. This is the working capital of a king's conduct.
Foreword | v | |
Preface | ix | |
Introduction | xxxv | |
|
||
Chapters | ||
1 | The Life of a King | 3 |
2 | Determination of the Place of Anviksaki | 11 |
3 | Determination of the Place of Triple Vedas | 13 |
4 | Varta and Dandaniti | 16 |
5 | Association with the Aged | 18 |
6 | The Sharing off of the Aggregate of the Six Enemies | 21 |
7 | The Life of a Saintly King | 23 |
8 | Creation of Ministers | 25 |
9 | The Creation of Councilors and Priests | 28 |
10 | Ascertaining by Temptations, Purity or Impurity in the Characters of Ministers | 31 |
11 | The Institution of Spies | 35 |
12 | Creation of Wandering Spies | 39 |
13 | Protection of Parties for or against One’s Won Cause in One’s Own State | 44 |
14 | Winning over-Factions for or against an Enemy Cause in an Enemy’s State | 47 |
15 | The Business of Council Meeting | 51 |
16 | The Mission of Envoys | 57 |
17 | Protection of Princes | 62 |
18 | The Conduct of a Prince Kept Under Restraint and the Treatment of a Restrained Prince | 67 |
19 | The Duties of A King | 70 |
20 | Duty Towards the Harem | 75 |
21 | Personal Safety | 79 |
|
||
1 | Formation of Villages | 87 |
2 | Division of Land | 93 |
3 | Construction of Forts | 96 |
4 | Building Within the Fort | 101 |
5 | The Duties of the Chamberlain | 105 |
6 | The Business of Collection of Revenue by the Collector-General | 109 |
7 | The Business of Keeping up Accounts in the Office of Accountants | 115 |
8 | Detection of What is Embezzled by Government Servants out of State Revenue | 121 |
9 | Examination of the Conduct of Government Servant | 127 |
10 | The Procedure of Forming Royal Writs | 132 |
11 | Examination of Gems that are to be Entered into Treasury | 140 |
12 | Conducting Mining Operations and Manufacture | 153 |
13 | The Superintendent of Gold in the Goldsmiths’ Office | 162 |
14 | The Duties of the State Goldsmith in the High Road | 171 |
15 | The Superintendent of Store-House | 179 |
16 | The Superintendent of Commerce | 188 |
17 | The Superintendent of Forest Produce | 192 |
18 | The Superintendent of the Armoury | 196 |
19 | The Superintendent of Weights and Measures | 202 |
20 | Measurement of Space and Time | 209 |
21 | The Superintendent of Tolls | 216 |
22 | Regulation of Toll-Dues | 221 |
23 | The Superintendent of Weaving | 224 |
24 | The Superintendent of Agriculture | 227 |
25 | The Superintendent of Liquor | 234 |
26 | The Superintendent of Slaughter-House | 241 |
27 | The Superintendent of Prostitutes | 244 |
28 | The Superintendent of Ships | 249 |
29 | The Superintendent of Cows | 254 |
30 | The Superintendent of Horses | 261 |
31 | The Superintendent of Elephants | 269 |
32 | The Training of Elephants | 273 |
33 | The Superintendent of Chariots; the Superintendent of Infantary and the Duties of the Commander-in-Chief | 277 |
34 | The Superintendent of Passports and the Superintendent of Pasture Lands | 280 |
35 | The Duty of Revenue-Collectors; Spies Under the Guise of Householders, Merchants and Ascetics | 282 |
36 | The Duty of a City Superintendent | 286 |
|
||
1 | Determination of Forms of Agreement; Determination of Legal Disputes | 297 |
2 | The Duty of Marriage, The Property of a Woman and Compensations for Re-marriage | 305 |
3 | The Duty of a Wife, Maintenance of a Woman, Cruelty to Women, Enmity between Husband and Wife; A Wife’s Transgression; Her Kindness to Another, and Forbidden Transactions | 311 |
4 | Vagrancy, Elopement and Short and Long Sojournments | 316 |
5 | Procedure of Portioning Inheritance | 322 |
6 | Special Shares in Inheritance | 327 |
7 | Distinction between Sons | 331 |
8 | House-Building | 335 |
9 | Sale of Buildings, Boundary Disputes, Determination of Boundaries, and Miscellaneous Hinderances | 336 |
10 | Destruction of Pasture Lands, Fields, and Roads, and non-performance of Agreements | 345 |
11 | Recovery of Debts | 351 |
12 | Concerning Deposits | 358 |
13 | Rules regarding Slaves and Labourers | 365 |
14 | Rules regarding Labourers and Cooperative Undertaking | 371 |
15 | Rescission of Purchase and Sale | 376 |
16 | Resumption of Gifts, Sale without Ownership, and Ownership | 379 |
17 | Robbery | 385 |
18 | Defamation | 388 |
19 | Assault | 391 |
20 | Gambling and Betting and Miscellaneous offences | 396 |
|
||
1 | Protection against Artisans | 403 |
2 | Protection against Merchants | 411 |
3 | Remedies against National Calamities | 416 |
5 | Detection of Youths of Criminal Tendency by Ascetic Spies | 425 |
6 | Seizure of Criminals on Suspicion or in the Very Act | 428 |
7 | Examination of Sudden Death | 434 |
8 | Trial and Torture of Elicit Confession | 439 |
9 | Protection of All Kinds of government Departments | 444 |
10 | Fines in Lieu of Mutilation of Limbs | 451 |
11 | Death with or Without Torture | 455 |
12 | Sexual Intercourse with Immature Girls | 459 |
13 | Punishment for violating Justice | 465 |
|
||
1 | Concerning the Awards of Punishment | 475 |
2 | Replenishment of the Treasury | 482 |
3 | Concerning Subsistence to Government Servants | 490 |
4 | The Conduct of a Courtier | 495 |
5 | Time-serving | 499 |
6 | Consolidation of the Kingdom and Absolute Sovereignty | 503 |
|
||
1 | The Elements of Sovereignty | 511 |
2 | Concerning Peace and Exertion | 515 |
|
||
1 | The Six-fold Policy, and Determination of Deterioration, Stagnation and Progress | 523 |
2 | The Nature of Alliance | 529 |
3 | The Character of Equal, Inferior, and Superior Kings; and Forms of Agreement made by an Inferior King | 532 |
4 | Neutrality after Proclaiming War or after Concluding a Treaty of Peace; Marching after Proclaiming War or after Making Peace; and the March of Combined Powers | 538 |
5 | Consideration about Marching; against an Assailable Enemy and a Strong Enemy; Causes Leading to the Dwindling, Greed, and Disloyalty of the Army; and Considerations about the Combination of Powers | 543 |
6 | The March of Combined Powers; Agreement of Peace with or without Definite Terms; and Peace with Renegades | 550 |
7 | Peace and War by Adopting the Double Policy | 557 |
8 | The Attitude of an Assailable Enemy and Friends that Deserve Help | 563 |
9 | Agreement for the Acquisition of a Friend or Gold | 568 |
10 | Agreement of Peace for the Acquisition of Land | 574 |
11 | Interminable Agreement | 579 |
12 | Agreement for Undertaking a Work | 584 |
13 | Considerations about an Enemy in the Rear | 589 |
14 | Recruitment of Lost Power | 596 |
15 | Measures Conducive to Peace with a Strong and Provoked Enemy; and the Attitude of a Conquered Enemy | 601 |
16 | The Attitude of a Conquered King | 606 |
17 | Making Peace and Breaking It | 611 |
18 | The Conduct of a Madhyama King, a Neutral King, and of a Circle of States | 618 |
|
||
1 | The Aggregate of the Calamities of the Elements of Sovereignty | 627 |
2 | Considerations about the Troubles of the King and of His Kingdom | 633 |
3 | The Aggregate of the Troubles of Men | 637 |
4 | The Group of Molestations, the Group of Obstructions, and the Group of Financial Troubles | 643 |
5 | The Group of Trouble of the Army, and the Group of Troubles of a Friend | 650 |
|
||
1 | The Knowledge of Power, Place, Time, Strength, and Weakness; the Time of Invasion | 659 |
2 | The Time of Recruiting the Army; the Form of Equipment; and the Work of Arraying a Rival Force | 665 |
3 | Considerations of Annoyance in the Rear; and Remedies against Internal and External Troubles | 671 |
4 | Consideration about Loss of Men, Wealth and Profit | 677 |
5 | External and Internal Dangers | 681 |
6 | Persons Associated with Traitors and Enemies | 685 |
7 | Doubts about Wealth and Harm; and Success to be Obtained by the Employment of Alternative Strategic Means | 692 |
|
||
1 | Encampment | 703 |
2 | March of the Camp and Protection of the Army in Times of Distress and Attack | 706 |
3 | Forms of Treacherous Fights, Encouragement to One’s Own Army and Fight between One’s Own and Enemy’s Armies | 710 |
4 | Battlefields; The Work of Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants | 717 |
5 | The Distinctive Array of Troops in Respect of Wings, Flanks, and Front; Distinction between Strong and Weak Troops, and Battle with Infantary, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants | 721 |
6 | The Array of the Army Like a Staff, a Snake, a Circle, or in Detached Order; the Array of the Army against that of an Enemy | 727 |
|
||
1 | Causes of Dissension; and Secret Punishment | 735 |
|
||
1 | The Duties of a Messenger | 745 |
2 | Battle of Intrigue | 749 |
3 | Slaying the Commander-in-Chief and Inciting a Circle of States | 754 |
4 | Spies with Weapons, Fire and Poison; and Destruction of Supply, Stores and Granaries | 758 |
5 | Capture of the Enemy by Means of Secret Contrivances or by Means of the Army; and Complete Victory | 762 |
|
||
1 | Sowing the Seeds of Dissension | 771 |
2 | Enticement of Kings by Secret Contrivances | 775 |
3 | The Work of Spies in a Siege | 782 |
4 | The Operation of a Siege and Storming a Fort | 788 |
5 | Restoration of Peace in a Conquered Country | 796 |
|
||
1 | Means to Injure an Enemy | 803 |
2 | Wonderful and Delusive Contrivances | 811 |
3 | The Application of Medicines and Mantras | 830 |
4 | Remedies against the Injuries of One’s Own Army | 830 |
|
||
1 | Paragraphical Divisions of the Treatise | 835 |
2 | Index | 845 |
Foreword
The Kautilya-Arthasastra, of which Mr. Shamasastry gives us here his translation, is a work of exceptional interest and value. In the first place, it ascribes itself in unmistakable terms to the famous Brahman Kautilya, also named Visnugupta and known from other sources by the patronymic Canakya who tradition tells us, overthrew the last king of the Nanda dynasty, and placed the great Maurya Candragupta on the throne: thus, the two verses with which the work ends recite that it was written by Visnugupta, who from intolerance of misrule rescued the scriptures, the science of weapons, and the earth which had passed to Nanda king and that he wrote it because he had seen many discrepancies on the part of previous commentators; and, in conformity with a common practice of Indian writers the name Kautilya figures constantly through the book, especially in places where the author lays down his own views as differing from others which he cites. The work accordingly claims to date from the period 321-296 B.C.: and its archaic style if well in agreement with the claim. Secondly, as regard it nature and value, Kautilya is renowned, not only as a kingmaker, but also for being the greatest Indian exponent of the art of government, the duties of kings, ministers, and officials, and the methods of diplomacy. That a work dealing with such matters was written by him is testified to by various more or less early Indian writers, who have given quotations from it. But the work itself remained hidden from modern eyes until it was found in the text of which this is the translation. The topic of this text is precisely that which has been indicated above, in all its branches, internal and foreign, civil, military, commercial, fiscal, judicial and so on including even tables of weights, measures of length and divisions of time. And it seems to be agreed to by competent judges that, though the existing text is, perhaps, not absolutely word for word that which was written by Kautilya, still we have essentially a work that he did compose in the period stated above. The value of it is unmistakable: it not only endorses and extends much of what we learn in some of its lines from the Greek writer Megasthenes, who, as is well known, spent a long time in India as the representative of the Syrian king, Seleucus I, at the Court of Candragupta, but also fills out what we gather from the epics, from other early writings, and from the inscriptions, and explains statements and allusions in those last-mentioned sources of information which are otherwise obscure: in short, it throws quite a flood of light on many problems in the branch of Indian studies to which it belongs.
For our introduction to this work we are greatly indebted to Mr. Shamasastry. A manuscript of the text, and with it one of commentary on a small part of it by a writer named Bhattasvamin, was handed over by a Pandit of the Tanjore District to the Mysore Government Oriental Library. From these materials Mr. Shamasastry, who was then the Librarian of that Library, gave a tentative translation in the pages of the Indian Antiquary and elsewhere, in 1905 and following years. By the enlightened encouragement of the Mysore Durbar he was enabled to publish the text itself in 1909, as Vol. 37 of the Biblothecea Sanskrit of Mysore. And under the same appreciative patronage he now lays before us a translation which has been improved in various details, in addition to being brought together in a connected and convenient from. His task has been no easy one. For the formation of his text, as for this translation of it, he has had only the one manuscript and the partial commentary which have been mentioned above: and the text is by no means a simple one; it is laconic and difficult to a degree. In these circumstances, it could hardly be the case that anyone should be able to give us a final treatment of the work straightaway. It seems that, as a result of the attention which Mr. Shamasastry’s labours attracted at once, two or three other manuscripts of the work have now been traced. So it may be hoped that eventually another step may be made, by giving us a revised text, based on a collation of materials, which will remove certain obscurities that still exist. Meanwhile, it is impossible to speak in too high terms of the service rendered by Mr. Shamasastry, in the first place by practically discovering the work, and then by laying the contents of it before us so satisfactorily, in spite of the difficulties confronting him, which can only be appreciated by anyone who tries to understand the text without the help of his translation. We are, and shall always remain, under a great obligation to him for a most important addition to our means of studying the general history of ancient India.
Kautiliyasastra or Canakyaniti is analoguous or parri-passu to Mechaevellian1 treatise on political theology by which he had laid-down the firm foundation of a 'ruler's philosophy,' still in vogue in India of modern times.
The ruler dominant theology was established and propagated in India by a rebel Brahmin Visnugupta who had uprooted the mighty Nanda dynasty in erstwhile Magadha country (modern Bihar state) in 372 B.C. to establish the Maurya dynasty. The so appointed Emperor Candragupta Maurya, ruled with an iron hand for a full 24 year tenure is still remembered as an outstanding figure in Indian history.
Manipulative Politics: Both the names Kautilya and Canakya are euphemisms that stand for 'manipulative politics' today. Kautilya was a highly learned Brahmin and an Acarya, one of the highest in the echelons of Vedic scholars. It is evident that Kautilya was a pastmaster in 'reflective politics', an expert interpreter of ancient scriptures and a technocrat to warfare theology. His establishing of the Maurya empire is also a high point in the development of male-dominated human history in India.
Needless to emphasise here that the treatise Arthasastra traces the saga of politics to the very beginning of human civilisation and equally the development of human habitation system - the mobility from stone age to barbaric days and from iron age to habitation organisations. The iron age led to age of implements and thereafter entered an era of social institutions-the Hindu Krtayuga, the Tretayuga and the Dvaparayuga.
Canakya in composing his Sastram was not unaware of the developments in Indian social systems-the caste divides, the travails of the depressed classes and the cruel and senseless but necessary domination of the deprived classes by the rather vulnerable upper classes. Perhaps Canakya had sensed in depth, the decline of civilised society in India in the person of sword-wielding Nanda, son of powerful emperor Mahananda through a Sudra woman (of lowest caste), and acted smartly to uproot the powerful dynasty and re-establish the influence of upper castes through a proxy but powerful and intellectual emperor Candragupta Maurya. The implications are hidden in the folds of antiquities of castes.
The Kautiliya Arthasastra unfolds in detail, the status of kings, the responsibility of attendants, the significance of spies, the matters of yoga, administration, justice, alms giving and political behavior with friends and enemies, the appointment of learned pundits and the control of state's economy, defence and increase of borders.
Although the Kings' role in Kautilya's Arthasastra stresses on centrally strong empire-based theology, on the face of it; it is limited to king's authority on 'state criminals.' For the rest, the king is dependant on popular will and bound to fashion his rule accordingly!
There is a fundamental discrepancy in Arthasastra - the foundation of an empire for the good of the populace.
Kautilya manoeuvred the overthrow of Nanda dynasty to begin the Mauryan empire on a philosophy cum an anathema. In fact, the king theoretically ruled with iron hand to brook no rival king, but the bottom line of the philosophy was all set for the well-being of the common man. Philosophy of that excel type, gave us a king in the iron grip of the populace's overriding passions. The impact of this ruling philosophy is clearly visible in modern India with a mass base of poor but docile population in submission to a handful of ruling families.
Kautilya diktat is unmistakable - the king's first duty is towards the subject. In this, his kingship vanishes! The subject is all. The king is reduced to-the role of 'manager' who arranges for the comfort of the population and take care of the means and men who would so assist him (Arthasastra p. 62-63). The excellent qualities vested with a king are rare to find in a single person. These have been described as - noble birth, high intelligence, prowess, divinity, truthfulness, scholarship, gratefulness, idealism, enthusiasm, officiousness, prudence, polity, prosperity, resolution and inquisitiveness. (Arthasastra p. 18). Besides, he must have a passion to hear discussions on Sastras, capacity to absorb their essence, able to put them into practice and apt to dive and grip the quint-essence in rational manner.
Simultaneous to his enthusiam a fine blend of gallantry, acumen, intransigence, and expertise, should rest in him in order to understand high ideals of the populace and set in them this own sublimity in application and attitude. This is the working capital of a king's conduct.
Foreword | v | |
Preface | ix | |
Introduction | xxxv | |
|
||
Chapters | ||
1 | The Life of a King | 3 |
2 | Determination of the Place of Anviksaki | 11 |
3 | Determination of the Place of Triple Vedas | 13 |
4 | Varta and Dandaniti | 16 |
5 | Association with the Aged | 18 |
6 | The Sharing off of the Aggregate of the Six Enemies | 21 |
7 | The Life of a Saintly King | 23 |
8 | Creation of Ministers | 25 |
9 | The Creation of Councilors and Priests | 28 |
10 | Ascertaining by Temptations, Purity or Impurity in the Characters of Ministers | 31 |
11 | The Institution of Spies | 35 |
12 | Creation of Wandering Spies | 39 |
13 | Protection of Parties for or against One’s Won Cause in One’s Own State | 44 |
14 | Winning over-Factions for or against an Enemy Cause in an Enemy’s State | 47 |
15 | The Business of Council Meeting | 51 |
16 | The Mission of Envoys | 57 |
17 | Protection of Princes | 62 |
18 | The Conduct of a Prince Kept Under Restraint and the Treatment of a Restrained Prince | 67 |
19 | The Duties of A King | 70 |
20 | Duty Towards the Harem | 75 |
21 | Personal Safety | 79 |
|
||
1 | Formation of Villages | 87 |
2 | Division of Land | 93 |
3 | Construction of Forts | 96 |
4 | Building Within the Fort | 101 |
5 | The Duties of the Chamberlain | 105 |
6 | The Business of Collection of Revenue by the Collector-General | 109 |
7 | The Business of Keeping up Accounts in the Office of Accountants | 115 |
8 | Detection of What is Embezzled by Government Servants out of State Revenue | 121 |
9 | Examination of the Conduct of Government Servant | 127 |
10 | The Procedure of Forming Royal Writs | 132 |
11 | Examination of Gems that are to be Entered into Treasury | 140 |
12 | Conducting Mining Operations and Manufacture | 153 |
13 | The Superintendent of Gold in the Goldsmiths’ Office | 162 |
14 | The Duties of the State Goldsmith in the High Road | 171 |
15 | The Superintendent of Store-House | 179 |
16 | The Superintendent of Commerce | 188 |
17 | The Superintendent of Forest Produce | 192 |
18 | The Superintendent of the Armoury | 196 |
19 | The Superintendent of Weights and Measures | 202 |
20 | Measurement of Space and Time | 209 |
21 | The Superintendent of Tolls | 216 |
22 | Regulation of Toll-Dues | 221 |
23 | The Superintendent of Weaving | 224 |
24 | The Superintendent of Agriculture | 227 |
25 | The Superintendent of Liquor | 234 |
26 | The Superintendent of Slaughter-House | 241 |
27 | The Superintendent of Prostitutes | 244 |
28 | The Superintendent of Ships | 249 |
29 | The Superintendent of Cows | 254 |
30 | The Superintendent of Horses | 261 |
31 | The Superintendent of Elephants | 269 |
32 | The Training of Elephants | 273 |
33 | The Superintendent of Chariots; the Superintendent of Infantary and the Duties of the Commander-in-Chief | 277 |
34 | The Superintendent of Passports and the Superintendent of Pasture Lands | 280 |
35 | The Duty of Revenue-Collectors; Spies Under the Guise of Householders, Merchants and Ascetics | 282 |
36 | The Duty of a City Superintendent | 286 |
|
||
1 | Determination of Forms of Agreement; Determination of Legal Disputes | 297 |
2 | The Duty of Marriage, The Property of a Woman and Compensations for Re-marriage | 305 |
3 | The Duty of a Wife, Maintenance of a Woman, Cruelty to Women, Enmity between Husband and Wife; A Wife’s Transgression; Her Kindness to Another, and Forbidden Transactions | 311 |
4 | Vagrancy, Elopement and Short and Long Sojournments | 316 |
5 | Procedure of Portioning Inheritance | 322 |
6 | Special Shares in Inheritance | 327 |
7 | Distinction between Sons | 331 |
8 | House-Building | 335 |
9 | Sale of Buildings, Boundary Disputes, Determination of Boundaries, and Miscellaneous Hinderances | 336 |
10 | Destruction of Pasture Lands, Fields, and Roads, and non-performance of Agreements | 345 |
11 | Recovery of Debts | 351 |
12 | Concerning Deposits | 358 |
13 | Rules regarding Slaves and Labourers | 365 |
14 | Rules regarding Labourers and Cooperative Undertaking | 371 |
15 | Rescission of Purchase and Sale | 376 |
16 | Resumption of Gifts, Sale without Ownership, and Ownership | 379 |
17 | Robbery | 385 |
18 | Defamation | 388 |
19 | Assault | 391 |
20 | Gambling and Betting and Miscellaneous offences | 396 |
|
||
1 | Protection against Artisans | 403 |
2 | Protection against Merchants | 411 |
3 | Remedies against National Calamities | 416 |
5 | Detection of Youths of Criminal Tendency by Ascetic Spies | 425 |
6 | Seizure of Criminals on Suspicion or in the Very Act | 428 |
7 | Examination of Sudden Death | 434 |
8 | Trial and Torture of Elicit Confession | 439 |
9 | Protection of All Kinds of government Departments | 444 |
10 | Fines in Lieu of Mutilation of Limbs | 451 |
11 | Death with or Without Torture | 455 |
12 | Sexual Intercourse with Immature Girls | 459 |
13 | Punishment for violating Justice | 465 |
|
||
1 | Concerning the Awards of Punishment | 475 |
2 | Replenishment of the Treasury | 482 |
3 | Concerning Subsistence to Government Servants | 490 |
4 | The Conduct of a Courtier | 495 |
5 | Time-serving | 499 |
6 | Consolidation of the Kingdom and Absolute Sovereignty | 503 |
|
||
1 | The Elements of Sovereignty | 511 |
2 | Concerning Peace and Exertion | 515 |
|
||
1 | The Six-fold Policy, and Determination of Deterioration, Stagnation and Progress | 523 |
2 | The Nature of Alliance | 529 |
3 | The Character of Equal, Inferior, and Superior Kings; and Forms of Agreement made by an Inferior King | 532 |
4 | Neutrality after Proclaiming War or after Concluding a Treaty of Peace; Marching after Proclaiming War or after Making Peace; and the March of Combined Powers | 538 |
5 | Consideration about Marching; against an Assailable Enemy and a Strong Enemy; Causes Leading to the Dwindling, Greed, and Disloyalty of the Army; and Considerations about the Combination of Powers | 543 |
6 | The March of Combined Powers; Agreement of Peace with or without Definite Terms; and Peace with Renegades | 550 |
7 | Peace and War by Adopting the Double Policy | 557 |
8 | The Attitude of an Assailable Enemy and Friends that Deserve Help | 563 |
9 | Agreement for the Acquisition of a Friend or Gold | 568 |
10 | Agreement of Peace for the Acquisition of Land | 574 |
11 | Interminable Agreement | 579 |
12 | Agreement for Undertaking a Work | 584 |
13 | Considerations about an Enemy in the Rear | 589 |
14 | Recruitment of Lost Power | 596 |
15 | Measures Conducive to Peace with a Strong and Provoked Enemy; and the Attitude of a Conquered Enemy | 601 |
16 | The Attitude of a Conquered King | 606 |
17 | Making Peace and Breaking It | 611 |
18 | The Conduct of a Madhyama King, a Neutral King, and of a Circle of States | 618 |
|
||
1 | The Aggregate of the Calamities of the Elements of Sovereignty | 627 |
2 | Considerations about the Troubles of the King and of His Kingdom | 633 |
3 | The Aggregate of the Troubles of Men | 637 |
4 | The Group of Molestations, the Group of Obstructions, and the Group of Financial Troubles | 643 |
5 | The Group of Trouble of the Army, and the Group of Troubles of a Friend | 650 |
|
||
1 | The Knowledge of Power, Place, Time, Strength, and Weakness; the Time of Invasion | 659 |
2 | The Time of Recruiting the Army; the Form of Equipment; and the Work of Arraying a Rival Force | 665 |
3 | Considerations of Annoyance in the Rear; and Remedies against Internal and External Troubles | 671 |
4 | Consideration about Loss of Men, Wealth and Profit | 677 |
5 | External and Internal Dangers | 681 |
6 | Persons Associated with Traitors and Enemies | 685 |
7 | Doubts about Wealth and Harm; and Success to be Obtained by the Employment of Alternative Strategic Means | 692 |
|
||
1 | Encampment | 703 |
2 | March of the Camp and Protection of the Army in Times of Distress and Attack | 706 |
3 | Forms of Treacherous Fights, Encouragement to One’s Own Army and Fight between One’s Own and Enemy’s Armies | 710 |
4 | Battlefields; The Work of Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants | 717 |
5 | The Distinctive Array of Troops in Respect of Wings, Flanks, and Front; Distinction between Strong and Weak Troops, and Battle with Infantary, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants | 721 |
6 | The Array of the Army Like a Staff, a Snake, a Circle, or in Detached Order; the Array of the Army against that of an Enemy | 727 |
|
||
1 | Causes of Dissension; and Secret Punishment | 735 |
|
||
1 | The Duties of a Messenger | 745 |
2 | Battle of Intrigue | 749 |
3 | Slaying the Commander-in-Chief and Inciting a Circle of States | 754 |
4 | Spies with Weapons, Fire and Poison; and Destruction of Supply, Stores and Granaries | 758 |
5 | Capture of the Enemy by Means of Secret Contrivances or by Means of the Army; and Complete Victory | 762 |
|
||
1 | Sowing the Seeds of Dissension | 771 |
2 | Enticement of Kings by Secret Contrivances | 775 |
3 | The Work of Spies in a Siege | 782 |
4 | The Operation of a Siege and Storming a Fort | 788 |
5 | Restoration of Peace in a Conquered Country | 796 |
|
||
1 | Means to Injure an Enemy | 803 |
2 | Wonderful and Delusive Contrivances | 811 |
3 | The Application of Medicines and Mantras | 830 |
4 | Remedies against the Injuries of One’s Own Army | 830 |
|
||
1 | Paragraphical Divisions of the Treatise | 835 |
2 | Index | 845 |