Diaspora: Trends and Issues

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The term 'Diaspora' has been featured in many research studies and in wider theoretical debates in areas such as communications, the humanities, social sciences, politics, and international relations. The Diaspora: Trends and Issues explores new dimensions of human mobility and connectivity-presenting state-of- the-art research and key debates on the intersection of media, cultural, and diasporic studies. This innovative and timely book helps readers to understand diasporic cultures and their impact on the globalized world. The Diaspora: Trends and Issues is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, lecturers, and researchers in areas that focus on the relationship of media and society, ethnic identity, race, class and gender, globalization and immigration, and other relevant fields.

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Diaspora, populations, such as members of an ethnic or religious group that originated from the same place but dispersed to different locations. The word diaspora comes from the ancient Greek diaspeiro, meaning "to sow over." The concept of diaspora has long been used to refer to the Greeks in the Hellenic world and to the Jews after the fall of Jerusalem in the early 6th century BCE. Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, scholars began to use it with reference to the African diaspora, and the use of the term was extended further in the following decades.

The concept of diaspora did not figure prominently in the social sciences until the late 1960s; the use of the plural form of the word came later still. Notwithstanding its Greek origins, the term formerly referred primarily to the Jewish experience, particularly the expulsion of Jewish people from their homeland to Babylonia as well as the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple. The term, then, carried a sense of loss, as the dispersal of the Jewish population was caused by their loss of territory.

Nonetheless, since ancient times the concept has also been used in a positive though much less-influential way to refer to the Greek colonization of the Mediterranean lands from the shores of present- day Turkey and Crimea to the Strait of Gibraltar, between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.

Both experiences, rooted in the Western tradition, have constituted stereotypes of diasporas, though other notable cases from the East developed in medieval and modern times. For instance, through China's long history, the spread of its population has often been perceived as a positive or at least neutral phenomenon, described in an ancient Chinese poem: "Wherever the ocean waves touch, there are overseas Chinese." India's influence also expanded, especially throughout the Indian Ocean region, through the settlement of its population beyond its own borders. More generally, worldwide, since the 19th century, the increase in the populations of unskilled labourers migrating to work in agricultural or industrial jobs has drawn particular attention.

Scholars have created various typologies of diasporas. In some reckonings, diasporas may be classified as victim, imperial/ colonial, trade, or labour diasporas, according to the main motives for original migration-namely, expulsion, expansion, commercial endeavours, or pursuit of employment, respectively. Other typologies emphasize historical or political factors, such as traditional/historical or stateless diasporas. Most scholars accept that massive population movements since the middle of the 19th century have generated multiple diasporas that became especially visible in the late 20th century. As a world map of the impact of migrations would show, durable expatriate communities have been established around the globe.