Sociology and anthropology have taken the idea of caste hierarchy as a cornerstone of their discourses on Hindu society. Little has been discussed, however, about the contexts in which it originated and developed.

Caste reality has been generally misunderstood by Western observers, resisting any attempt at classification for a long time. In spite of the difficulties, by the late 19th century two hierarchical arrangements were proposed: one rested on a functional basis (John Collinson Nesfield); the other privileged racial theory (Herbert Hope Risley). The latter prevailed.

The questionable nature of Risley's thesis, and the fragility of its supporting arguments, did not prevent the underlying classificatory scheme from becoming incorporated into subsequent research as part of an unchallenged "tradition" in the social sciences. From Célestin Bouglé and Max Weber to Louis Dumont and McKim Marriott, that "tradition" comes alive throughout this book in its contradictions, omissions and paradoxes.

José Carlos Gomes da Silva is Full Professor (retired) at ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon University Institute. He developed ethnographic research in Orissa since 1979. His major interests focus on epistemological issues associated with the critique of anthropological thought, emphasizing India's traditions. His publications include: L'Identité volée: Essais d'Anthropologie sociale (1989) [Stolen Identity: Essays in Social Anthropolgy]: O Discurso contra si proprio (2003). [The Discourse against Itself]; The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals [MLBD. 2010]; and Kışna-Jagannatha in the Western Mind [MLBD, 2019].