FOREWORD:
THE CIVILIZATION of India is the joint creation of her diverse peoples, Aryan, Dravidian, Austric (Kol) and Mongoloid. The Aryan bases have always received the greatest attention, and rightly so. A study of the Dravidian heritage has now been taken up with increased interest since beginnings in this direction were made by Caldwell over a century ago. The Austric elements too are now being investigated, and we are realizing its importance. The Mongoloid contribution has not yet been seriously studied as an element in Indian history and civilization. In the present monograph, an attempt has been made to full up the lacuna, in part indeed, while giving a general idea of this lacuna.
In November 1947 at the invitation of the Education Department of the Government of Assam, I give, under the auspices of the Asama Sahitya Sabha of Jorhat, three lectures on the Indo-Mongoloid Contribution to Assamese History and Culture. They were delivered in the hall of the Jagannath Barua College at Jorhat in Assam, on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd November of 1947.
These three lectures formed the nucleus of the present work. It is, however, quite a new monograph which has been entirely re-written and very largely augmented with more detailed treatment of the subject, in its various aspects not covered by the three discourses as originally delivered in the form of talks.
These Lectures, covering about a fourth of the present work, were the Pratibha Devi Lectures for 1947, founded at the instance of the late Sarat Chandra Goswami, distinguished literary man of Assam, whose daughter Pratibha Devi, a highly gifted and cultured lady, died at the young age of 21 in 1932, leaving her bereaved husband, Sri Umakanta Goswami, M.A., B.L. (who was then Professor at Cotton College, Gauhati, and is now Director of Public Instruction, Assam) and one son and one daughter and her aged father. The present writer takes the occasion to place on record his feeling of respect for the memory of Pratibha Devi : the three lectures, in honour of one who represented during her short span of life the best traditions of Indian womanhood, enabled him to present his views before the public for the first time, although only on some particular aspects of the question.
The author expresses his grateful thanks to Sri Krishan Kanta Handiqui, his old satirtha during his student days in England in 1919-1921 and his very king host during his stay at Jorhat: to Sri Kuladhar Chaliha, M.P., Sri Nilmani Phookan, Sri Gunagobinda Datta, Sri Dimbeswar Neog and other friends in Jorhat ; and to Professor Prabodh Chandra Sanyal, then Director of Public Instruction, Assam, for many kindnesses received from them. He also offers his respectful thanks to Sir Jadunath Sarkar for kindly writing an appreciation of this monograph.
'Sudharama'
16 Hindusthan Park,
Calcutta,
November 26, 1950.
SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI
| 1. | India as a meeting Place of Races, Languages and Cultures | 1 |
| 2. | The Many Racial and Linguistic Elements behind the Unity of India | 2 |
| 3. | 'Unity in Diversity' -the Basic Character of Indian Culture as a Composite | 3 |
| 4. | Formation of an Indian People with its Sanskrit or Sanskrit or Culture | 4 |
| 5. | Progressive 'Sanskritisation' of the Various Elements in India | 4 |
| 6. | The Austric and Dravidian Elements : Restricted Area and Influence of the Mongoloid Element | 5 |
| 7. | Resume of the Racial Elements in India | 6 |
| 8. | The Negritos or Negritos | 7 |
| 9. | The Proto-Australoids : Austric Peoples | 7 |
| 10. | The Ancient Austrics of India : Nisadas (Nishadas), Sabaras, Pulindas, Bhillas, Kollas | 9 |
| 11. | The Dravidian Speakers : Dasa-Dasyu : their Contribution | 9 |
| 12. | The Western Brachycephals | 10 |
| 13. | The Aryan-speaking Nordics : their Advent into India | 11 |
| 14. | The Ancient Hindu Civilization a joint Creation of the Austrics, the Dravidians and the Aryans, and later the Mongoloids | 12 |
| 15. | The Distribution of the Four Peoples, Nisada, Dramida (Dravida), Arya and Kirata : and Importance of the Aryan-speakers as Herrenvolk | 14 |
| 16. | The Mongoloid Element in Himalayan and North-eastern India | 15 |
| 17. | Study of the non-Aryan (Austric and Dravidian) Elements in Indian Civilization | 16 |
| 18. | Study of the Mongoloid Contribution so far neglected : Reasons for this Neglect | 18 |
| 19. | The Mongoloid Tribes in India | 20 |
| 20. | Sino-Tibetan Mongoloid Expansion | 21 |
| 21. | The Sino-Tibetan Speeches | 22 |
| 22. | Tabular Representation of the Sino-Tibetan Languages | 24 |
| 23. | The Mongoloids in Ancient India : the Kiratas | 26 |
| 24. | The Kiratas in Vedic Literature | 27 |
| 25. | The Meanings of the word Kirata, and New Indo-Aryan Words connected with it | 28 |
| 26. | The Kiratas in the mahabharata and other Ancient Works | 30 |
| 27. | Reconstruction of the Early Mongoloid (Karata) Movements in India | 36 |
| 28. | Indo-Mongoloid as a proposed Equivalent of Kirata | 37 |
| 29. | Kol or Austric Influence on Sino-Tibetan | 38 |
| 30. | The Licchavis of North Bihar, and the Indo-Mongoloids in Vedeha | 40 |
| 31. | Indo-Mongoloid Tribes : the Himalayan Group : the Newars : the Ancient Kuninda People | 40 |
| 32. | The Bod (=Bhota) or Tibetans | 43 |
| 33. | The North Assam Tribes of Indo-Mongoloids | 44 |
| 34. | The Bodos (Baras) | 45 |
| 35. | The Nagas | 47 |
| 36. | The Kuki-Chins | 48 |
| 37. | Other Indo-Mongoloids of Assam | 49 |
| 38. | The Austric-Speaking Khasis | 50 |
| 39. | The Ahom (Aham, Asam) People of the Siamese-Chinese Group | 51 |
| 40. | Indo-Mongoloid Fusion in the Indian Body-politic Still continuing -in Nepal, in Assam and in North and East Bengal | 52 |
| 41. | Nature of Indo-Mongoloid Participation in Hindu Culture | 53 |
| 42. | The Mongoloid 'Character' : and the Achievement of the Indo-Mongoloids | 54 |
| 43. | Some outstanding Characteristics of Mongoloid (Tibeto-Burman) Culture (According to W. C. Smith) | 57 |
| 44. | The Early Mongoloids and Hindu History and Culture : Some Ancient Points of Contact | 58 |
| 45. | The Indo-Mongoloids in Nepal : the name 'Nepal' (Nepala) | 63 |
| 46. | Early Dynasties of Nepal : the Gopala or Abhira Kings : the Kirata Kings with non-Aryan Names | 65 |
| 47. | The Soma-vamsi and Surya-vamsi (Licchavi)Kings of Nepal, form Bihar : Amsu-varman | 66 |
| 48. | Nepal in the 8th-9th Centuries : Tibeto-Nepalese Relations | 68 |
| 49. | The Thakuri Kings of Nepal, 9th-12th Centuries : Nepal becomes culturally an integral part of India | 69 |
| 50. | The Karnataka Kings : their Cultural Contribution | 70 |
| 51. | The Malla Kings of Nepa, to 1768 A.D. | 71 |
| 52. | The Brahmanical Malla Kings of Dullu and Juimla in West Nepal, 13th-17th centuries | |
| 53. | Newari Literature | 73 |
| 54. | Literatures in the other Tibeto-Burman speeches of Nepal | 78 |
| 55. | Newar Culture, particularly under the Mallas | 79 |
| 56. | The Gorkhas in Nepal : Gorkha Valour and Military Virtues | 83 |
| 57. | The Indo-Mongoloids in Assam and Bengal : Linguistic Influences | 84 |
| 58. | Early Contact between Assam and North India | 86 |
| 59. | Pre-Aryan (Indo-Mongoloid) Toponomy in Assam : 'Lauhitya, Brahama-putra,' etc. | 88 |
| 60. | Bhaskara-varman of Kamarupa : the glory of his Reign | 90 |
| 61. | Bhaskara-varman and China : the Tao-the-king of Lao-tzu | 92 |
| 62. | Bhaskara-varman's Presents to Harsha-vardhana | 95 |
| 63. | The 'Mleccha' Dynasty of Sala-stambha in Assam | 97 |
| 64. | The Dynasty of Pralambha | 97 |
| 65. | the Kamarupa Palas : Brahama-pala, his queen Kuladevi : Ratna-pala | 98 |
| 66. | Timgya-deva, c. 1100 A.D. ;Vaidya-deva and Budha-deva ; the Lunar Dynasty Kings | 99 |
| 67. | The Turki Invasion of Kamarupa | 100 |
| 68. | The Coming of the Ahoms : the names 'Asam, Asam, Asama, Assam', | 101 |
| 69. | Ahom vs. Bodo in Assam | 102 |
| 70. | The early Ahom Kings | 104 |
| 71. | Hinduisation of the Ahoms : Ahom Gods and Goddesses and Hindu Equivalents | 105 |
| 72. | The Later Ahom Kings : Highest Glory of the Ahoms in the 17th and 18th Centuries : Kings Gadadhar Simha (su-pat-pha), 1681-1696, and Rudra Shimha (Su-Khrung-pha) 1696-1714 | 106 |
| 73. | The Achievement of the Ahoms | 110 |
| 74. | The Koch Empire of the 16th century ; Early History of the Bodo-Koch Tribe | 111 |
| 75. | King Danuja-mardana-deva : an Early Koch Prince ? | 115 |
| 76. | Legends on the Coins of the Independent Hindu (Indo-Mongoloid ) Kings of Eastern India, form 1400 A.D. | 116 |
| 77. | The Greatest Period of Koch History: Visva-Simha, Nara-narayana Simha, and Sukla-dhvaja or Cila-Ray, 16th Century | 118 |
| 78. | The Garos | 121 |
| 79. | The Chutiyas of East Assam | 121 |
| 80. | The Dima-sa or Kacharis | 122 |
| 81. | The indo-Mongoloids in Sylhet | 126 |
| 82. | Islam and the Indo-Mongoloids of North and East Bengal | 127 |
| 83. | The Southern Bodos : The old Kingdom of Pattikera (Comilla) | 128 |
| 84. | The Tipras, and the Tripura (Tippera)Kingdom | 130 |
| 85. | King Dhanya-manikya of Tripura | 133 |
| 86. | King Vijaya-manikya of Tripura (1529-1570) | 134 |
| 87. | The Later Tripura Kings : Decay of Tripura Power | 135 |
| 88. | Religion among the Tipras | 135 |
| 89. | Tripura Achievement | 138 |
| 90. | Sanskrit and other Texts, and Pre-Hindu Indo-Mongoloid Religion | 139 |
| 91. | The Backward Indo-Mongoloids : the North Assam Tribes, Nagas, Mikirs | 140 |
| 92. | The Kuki-Chins | 141 |
| 93. | The Meitheis or Manipuris | 142 |
| 94. | A 'Manipura-Purana': Early Manipuri Myths and Legendary History | 144 |
| 95. | Later Manipur History : the Story of Khamba and Thoibi | 151 |
| 96. | Manipur History after the 15th Century : Chaitanya Vaishnavism in Manipur | 152 |
| 97. | The Culture of Manipur | 155 |
| 98. | Manipuri (Meithei) Literature | 157 |
| 99. | The Khasis and Syntengs : ' Synteng=Jayanta, Jaintia': the Old Hindu Kingdom of Jayanta-pura | 166 |
| 100. | Khasi Literature | 170 |
| 101. | The Early Indo-Mongoloid Kings of Chittagong and Arakan | 174 |
| 102. | The Kirata World Beyond India | 178 |
| 103. | Indo-Mongoloid Literature | 179 |
| 104. | Conclusion | 183 |
| 105. | 'Kiratavadna-Namani' : An Indo-Mongoloid Roll of Honour | 184 |
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FOREWORD:
THE CIVILIZATION of India is the joint creation of her diverse peoples, Aryan, Dravidian, Austric (Kol) and Mongoloid. The Aryan bases have always received the greatest attention, and rightly so. A study of the Dravidian heritage has now been taken up with increased interest since beginnings in this direction were made by Caldwell over a century ago. The Austric elements too are now being investigated, and we are realizing its importance. The Mongoloid contribution has not yet been seriously studied as an element in Indian history and civilization. In the present monograph, an attempt has been made to full up the lacuna, in part indeed, while giving a general idea of this lacuna.
In November 1947 at the invitation of the Education Department of the Government of Assam, I give, under the auspices of the Asama Sahitya Sabha of Jorhat, three lectures on the Indo-Mongoloid Contribution to Assamese History and Culture. They were delivered in the hall of the Jagannath Barua College at Jorhat in Assam, on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd November of 1947.
These three lectures formed the nucleus of the present work. It is, however, quite a new monograph which has been entirely re-written and very largely augmented with more detailed treatment of the subject, in its various aspects not covered by the three discourses as originally delivered in the form of talks.
These Lectures, covering about a fourth of the present work, were the Pratibha Devi Lectures for 1947, founded at the instance of the late Sarat Chandra Goswami, distinguished literary man of Assam, whose daughter Pratibha Devi, a highly gifted and cultured lady, died at the young age of 21 in 1932, leaving her bereaved husband, Sri Umakanta Goswami, M.A., B.L. (who was then Professor at Cotton College, Gauhati, and is now Director of Public Instruction, Assam) and one son and one daughter and her aged father. The present writer takes the occasion to place on record his feeling of respect for the memory of Pratibha Devi : the three lectures, in honour of one who represented during her short span of life the best traditions of Indian womanhood, enabled him to present his views before the public for the first time, although only on some particular aspects of the question.
The author expresses his grateful thanks to Sri Krishan Kanta Handiqui, his old satirtha during his student days in England in 1919-1921 and his very king host during his stay at Jorhat: to Sri Kuladhar Chaliha, M.P., Sri Nilmani Phookan, Sri Gunagobinda Datta, Sri Dimbeswar Neog and other friends in Jorhat ; and to Professor Prabodh Chandra Sanyal, then Director of Public Instruction, Assam, for many kindnesses received from them. He also offers his respectful thanks to Sir Jadunath Sarkar for kindly writing an appreciation of this monograph.
'Sudharama'
16 Hindusthan Park,
Calcutta,
November 26, 1950.
SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI
| 1. | India as a meeting Place of Races, Languages and Cultures | 1 |
| 2. | The Many Racial and Linguistic Elements behind the Unity of India | 2 |
| 3. | 'Unity in Diversity' -the Basic Character of Indian Culture as a Composite | 3 |
| 4. | Formation of an Indian People with its Sanskrit or Sanskrit or Culture | 4 |
| 5. | Progressive 'Sanskritisation' of the Various Elements in India | 4 |
| 6. | The Austric and Dravidian Elements : Restricted Area and Influence of the Mongoloid Element | 5 |
| 7. | Resume of the Racial Elements in India | 6 |
| 8. | The Negritos or Negritos | 7 |
| 9. | The Proto-Australoids : Austric Peoples | 7 |
| 10. | The Ancient Austrics of India : Nisadas (Nishadas), Sabaras, Pulindas, Bhillas, Kollas | 9 |
| 11. | The Dravidian Speakers : Dasa-Dasyu : their Contribution | 9 |
| 12. | The Western Brachycephals | 10 |
| 13. | The Aryan-speaking Nordics : their Advent into India | 11 |
| 14. | The Ancient Hindu Civilization a joint Creation of the Austrics, the Dravidians and the Aryans, and later the Mongoloids | 12 |
| 15. | The Distribution of the Four Peoples, Nisada, Dramida (Dravida), Arya and Kirata : and Importance of the Aryan-speakers as Herrenvolk | 14 |
| 16. | The Mongoloid Element in Himalayan and North-eastern India | 15 |
| 17. | Study of the non-Aryan (Austric and Dravidian) Elements in Indian Civilization | 16 |
| 18. | Study of the Mongoloid Contribution so far neglected : Reasons for this Neglect | 18 |
| 19. | The Mongoloid Tribes in India | 20 |
| 20. | Sino-Tibetan Mongoloid Expansion | 21 |
| 21. | The Sino-Tibetan Speeches | 22 |
| 22. | Tabular Representation of the Sino-Tibetan Languages | 24 |
| 23. | The Mongoloids in Ancient India : the Kiratas | 26 |
| 24. | The Kiratas in Vedic Literature | 27 |
| 25. | The Meanings of the word Kirata, and New Indo-Aryan Words connected with it | 28 |
| 26. | The Kiratas in the mahabharata and other Ancient Works | 30 |
| 27. | Reconstruction of the Early Mongoloid (Karata) Movements in India | 36 |
| 28. | Indo-Mongoloid as a proposed Equivalent of Kirata | 37 |
| 29. | Kol or Austric Influence on Sino-Tibetan | 38 |
| 30. | The Licchavis of North Bihar, and the Indo-Mongoloids in Vedeha | 40 |
| 31. | Indo-Mongoloid Tribes : the Himalayan Group : the Newars : the Ancient Kuninda People | 40 |
| 32. | The Bod (=Bhota) or Tibetans | 43 |
| 33. | The North Assam Tribes of Indo-Mongoloids | 44 |
| 34. | The Bodos (Baras) | 45 |
| 35. | The Nagas | 47 |
| 36. | The Kuki-Chins | 48 |
| 37. | Other Indo-Mongoloids of Assam | 49 |
| 38. | The Austric-Speaking Khasis | 50 |
| 39. | The Ahom (Aham, Asam) People of the Siamese-Chinese Group | 51 |
| 40. | Indo-Mongoloid Fusion in the Indian Body-politic Still continuing -in Nepal, in Assam and in North and East Bengal | 52 |
| 41. | Nature of Indo-Mongoloid Participation in Hindu Culture | 53 |
| 42. | The Mongoloid 'Character' : and the Achievement of the Indo-Mongoloids | 54 |
| 43. | Some outstanding Characteristics of Mongoloid (Tibeto-Burman) Culture (According to W. C. Smith) | 57 |
| 44. | The Early Mongoloids and Hindu History and Culture : Some Ancient Points of Contact | 58 |
| 45. | The Indo-Mongoloids in Nepal : the name 'Nepal' (Nepala) | 63 |
| 46. | Early Dynasties of Nepal : the Gopala or Abhira Kings : the Kirata Kings with non-Aryan Names | 65 |
| 47. | The Soma-vamsi and Surya-vamsi (Licchavi)Kings of Nepal, form Bihar : Amsu-varman | 66 |
| 48. | Nepal in the 8th-9th Centuries : Tibeto-Nepalese Relations | 68 |
| 49. | The Thakuri Kings of Nepal, 9th-12th Centuries : Nepal becomes culturally an integral part of India | 69 |
| 50. | The Karnataka Kings : their Cultural Contribution | 70 |
| 51. | The Malla Kings of Nepa, to 1768 A.D. | 71 |
| 52. | The Brahmanical Malla Kings of Dullu and Juimla in West Nepal, 13th-17th centuries | |
| 53. | Newari Literature | 73 |
| 54. | Literatures in the other Tibeto-Burman speeches of Nepal | 78 |
| 55. | Newar Culture, particularly under the Mallas | 79 |
| 56. | The Gorkhas in Nepal : Gorkha Valour and Military Virtues | 83 |
| 57. | The Indo-Mongoloids in Assam and Bengal : Linguistic Influences | 84 |
| 58. | Early Contact between Assam and North India | 86 |
| 59. | Pre-Aryan (Indo-Mongoloid) Toponomy in Assam : 'Lauhitya, Brahama-putra,' etc. | 88 |
| 60. | Bhaskara-varman of Kamarupa : the glory of his Reign | 90 |
| 61. | Bhaskara-varman and China : the Tao-the-king of Lao-tzu | 92 |
| 62. | Bhaskara-varman's Presents to Harsha-vardhana | 95 |
| 63. | The 'Mleccha' Dynasty of Sala-stambha in Assam | 97 |
| 64. | The Dynasty of Pralambha | 97 |
| 65. | the Kamarupa Palas : Brahama-pala, his queen Kuladevi : Ratna-pala | 98 |
| 66. | Timgya-deva, c. 1100 A.D. ;Vaidya-deva and Budha-deva ; the Lunar Dynasty Kings | 99 |
| 67. | The Turki Invasion of Kamarupa | 100 |
| 68. | The Coming of the Ahoms : the names 'Asam, Asam, Asama, Assam', | 101 |
| 69. | Ahom vs. Bodo in Assam | 102 |
| 70. | The early Ahom Kings | 104 |
| 71. | Hinduisation of the Ahoms : Ahom Gods and Goddesses and Hindu Equivalents | 105 |
| 72. | The Later Ahom Kings : Highest Glory of the Ahoms in the 17th and 18th Centuries : Kings Gadadhar Simha (su-pat-pha), 1681-1696, and Rudra Shimha (Su-Khrung-pha) 1696-1714 | 106 |
| 73. | The Achievement of the Ahoms | 110 |
| 74. | The Koch Empire of the 16th century ; Early History of the Bodo-Koch Tribe | 111 |
| 75. | King Danuja-mardana-deva : an Early Koch Prince ? | 115 |
| 76. | Legends on the Coins of the Independent Hindu (Indo-Mongoloid ) Kings of Eastern India, form 1400 A.D. | 116 |
| 77. | The Greatest Period of Koch History: Visva-Simha, Nara-narayana Simha, and Sukla-dhvaja or Cila-Ray, 16th Century | 118 |
| 78. | The Garos | 121 |
| 79. | The Chutiyas of East Assam | 121 |
| 80. | The Dima-sa or Kacharis | 122 |
| 81. | The indo-Mongoloids in Sylhet | 126 |
| 82. | Islam and the Indo-Mongoloids of North and East Bengal | 127 |
| 83. | The Southern Bodos : The old Kingdom of Pattikera (Comilla) | 128 |
| 84. | The Tipras, and the Tripura (Tippera)Kingdom | 130 |
| 85. | King Dhanya-manikya of Tripura | 133 |
| 86. | King Vijaya-manikya of Tripura (1529-1570) | 134 |
| 87. | The Later Tripura Kings : Decay of Tripura Power | 135 |
| 88. | Religion among the Tipras | 135 |
| 89. | Tripura Achievement | 138 |
| 90. | Sanskrit and other Texts, and Pre-Hindu Indo-Mongoloid Religion | 139 |
| 91. | The Backward Indo-Mongoloids : the North Assam Tribes, Nagas, Mikirs | 140 |
| 92. | The Kuki-Chins | 141 |
| 93. | The Meitheis or Manipuris | 142 |
| 94. | A 'Manipura-Purana': Early Manipuri Myths and Legendary History | 144 |
| 95. | Later Manipur History : the Story of Khamba and Thoibi | 151 |
| 96. | Manipur History after the 15th Century : Chaitanya Vaishnavism in Manipur | 152 |
| 97. | The Culture of Manipur | 155 |
| 98. | Manipuri (Meithei) Literature | 157 |
| 99. | The Khasis and Syntengs : ' Synteng=Jayanta, Jaintia': the Old Hindu Kingdom of Jayanta-pura | 166 |
| 100. | Khasi Literature | 170 |
| 101. | The Early Indo-Mongoloid Kings of Chittagong and Arakan | 174 |
| 102. | The Kirata World Beyond India | 178 |
| 103. | Indo-Mongoloid Literature | 179 |
| 104. | Conclusion | 183 |
| 105. | 'Kiratavadna-Namani' : An Indo-Mongoloid Roll of Honour | 184 |
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